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'專業咖啡師交流 請關注咖啡工房(微信公衆號cafe_style ) 在本系列的上一篇文章土耳其壺的構造與製作步驟當中,我們介紹了土耳其壺的簡易衝煮程序。而土耳其咖啡常被人冠上最古老的名號,它不但是人類飲用咖啡的先驅,更扮演著將咖啡傳入歐洲的重要角色,復刻' |
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'<div>
<img alt="" src="/uploads/allimg/170821/3-1FR1194Q9B6.jpg" style="width: 630px; height: 420px;" /><br />
<span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 微軟雅黑, 黑體, Arial; font-size: 14px;">專業咖啡師交流 請關注咖啡工房(微信公衆號cafe_style )</span><br />
<br />
在本系列的上一篇文章土耳其壺的構造與製作步驟當中,我們介紹了土耳其壺的簡易衝煮程序。而土耳其咖啡常被人冠上“最古老”的名號,它不但是人類飲用咖啡的先驅,更扮演著將咖啡傳入歐洲的重要角色,復刻典雅的外型也成爲不少咖啡玩家的典藏。</div>
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這次山羊咖啡將與您一起探討土耳其咖啡的歷史與演進,揭開土耳其咖啡的神祕面紗。</div>
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土耳其咖啡的由來</div>
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土耳其咖啡,或稱“阿拉伯咖啡”,因爲一些歷史的淵源,又在希臘地區被稱爲“希臘咖啡”。</div>
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它採用一種傳統的原始煮法,將咖啡粉與水混合反覆煮沸,而最獨特之處莫過於連咖啡渣一同飲用,而在杯底殘留的咖啡渣亦能拿來占卜,又稱之爲“占卜咖啡”。它的衝煮方式需要相對較長的時間,在許多地區已較爲少見。</div>
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土耳其壺“伊芙利克”﹝Ibrik﹞在十九世紀已逐漸於坊間流行起來,它的形狀有如勺子,壺身以黃銅或純銅製成。而在中東地區,多以駱駝爲運輸工具,因此爲了便於攜帶,也有摺疊式土耳其壺出現,將其背掛在駱駝身上,隨時隨地都能享有一杯咖啡。</div>
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在中東地區扮演的角色</div>
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中東地區對咖啡的衝煮相當慎重,不輸給中國對於茶道的敬仰。如果受邀至他人家裏喝咖啡,代表主人致上最高的地主之誼。在飲用上也有不少“眉角”需多加留意,像是配著水喝可能意味著咖啡不好喝。阿拉伯人會加上些許香料,喝咖啡時甚至會淨身、焚香。</div>
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土耳其和希臘人亦看重咖啡表層的泡沫,古時男子登門提親,女方常會考驗其咖啡衝煮技術,如果煮不出泡沫,往往代表技術上的不足。也有另外一說是,土耳其女人在男方表達心意時,會在衝煮咖啡的時候添加調味,加入糖表示情意相投,加入鹽則是讓對方知難而退。</div>
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從土耳其傳入歐洲</div>
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阿拉伯半島成爲鄂圖曼帝國的屬地後,由於也門也產咖啡,逐漸從阿拉伯傳入土耳其的最大城市——伊斯坦布爾(İstanbul)。很快的,咖啡廳迅速的在阿拉伯世界擴散、流行,在接下來的十年之間,包括開羅、巴格達等大城市,甚至鄂圖曼帝國的首都君士坦堡,都出現了咖啡廳。</div>
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而有一種說法,相傳在十六世紀,鄂圖曼帝國攻打維也納失敗撤退,留下的咖啡豆成爲咖啡傳入維也納的轉折點。</div>
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起初,咖啡被部分天主教徒視爲“惡魔的飲料”,而因其美味,羅馬教宗克萊孟八世卻讓它成爲“被祝福的飲料”。在威尼斯商人引入後,咖啡更被視爲十七世紀歐洲城市的文化象徵。</div>
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十八世紀初,咖啡館已成爲知識傳播的人文匯聚之地。</div>
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相關文章:意大利咖啡歷史(一):被祝福的飲料</div>
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穆拉德四世嚴禁咖啡</div>
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咖啡館在當時成爲討論政治與社交的場所,對社會氛圍產生極大的影響。</div>
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鄂圖曼帝國皇帝穆拉德四世(Murad IV)出生於1612年,由於生性殘暴,被稱爲“易怒的”的國王。在某次暗訪伊斯坦布爾的某間咖啡館時,他發現咖啡館裏有許多人在談論政治、批評他的施政,讓他非常不悅,於是他決定嚴禁咖啡。這讓當時伊斯坦布爾的咖啡館消聲匿跡,不僅喝咖啡的人會被逞罰,連載運咖啡豆的商船也會被擊沉。</div>
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蘇丹王穆拉德四世</div>
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穆拉德四世會嚴禁咖啡,主要是因爲擔憂咖啡會掀起人民的思維革命,這是第一個對咖啡出於政治考量的反對政策,也是第一個對咖啡非宗教性的鎮壓。</div>
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<div>
伊斯蘭曆史學者以“咖啡館的荒涼,猶如人們心靈的乾涸”形容當時的景象,直至後來穆拉德四世過世,阿拉伯地區的咖啡館才又出現。由此可觀咖啡與人民的生活已脫離不了關係,形成的咖啡館文化更帶來巨大影響。</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
土耳其咖啡入選聯合國文化遺產</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2013年,聯合國教科文組織(注1),在保護非物質文化遺產政府間委員會的會議上,將土耳其咖啡及其傳統文化列入非物質文化遺產名錄中。</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
這對於土耳其咖啡的維護具有不凡的意義,土耳其咖啡是歐洲咖啡的始祖,至今擁有七、八百年曆史,從十六世紀傳入歐洲後開始商業化發展,不管是杯器裝飾或衝煮手法,都可見其受奧斯曼帝國文化的影響。</div>
<div>
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<div>
注1:聯合國教育、科學及文化組織(United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization,UNESCO)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
“喝一杯土耳其咖啡,記住你友誼四十年”</div>
<div>
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<div>
這是土耳其流傳的一段俗諺,當地人非常認真看待咖啡這門藝術,並珍視衝煮的過程和對象。當我們回首咖啡歷史,土耳其咖啡擁有著不可抹滅的歷史地位,更成爲土耳其的標誌與象徵之一。</div>
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'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-kafeibisaixinwen.html',
'total' => 40,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
320 =>
array (
'id' => '320',
'pid' => '2',
'pids' => '0,1,2',
'name' => '外國咖啡',
'dirname' => 'zixun/waiguokafeixinxi',
'pdirname' => 'kafeixinwen/zixun/',
'child' => 0,
'childids' => 320,
'thumb' => '',
'show' => '1',
'setting' =>
array (
'edit' => 1,
'disabled' => 0,
'getchild' => 1,
'linkurl' => '',
'urlrule' => 3,
'seo' =>
array (
'list_title' => '[第{page}頁{join}]{catpname}{join}{modname}{join}{SITE_NAME}',
'list_keywords' => '',
'list_description' => '',
),
'template' =>
array (
'pagesize' => 20,
'mpagesize' => 20,
'page' => 'page.html',
'list' => 'list.html',
'category' => 'category.html',
'search' => 'search.html',
'show' => 'show.html',
),
'cat_field' => '',
'module_field' => '',
'html' => 0,
),
'displayorder' => '0',
'acount' => '13',
'namerule' => '{typedir}/{Y}/{M}{D}/{aid}.html',
'namerule2' => '{typedir}/list_{tid}_{page}.html',
'mid' => 'article',
'pcatpost' => 1,
'topid' => '1',
'domain' => '',
'catids' =>
array (
0 => '320',
),
'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-zixun/waiguokafeixinxi.html',
'total' => 13,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
323 =>
array (
'id' => '323',
'pid' => '2',
'pids' => '0,1,2',
'name' => '7月資訊',
'dirname' => '7yuezixun',
'pdirname' => 'kafeixinwen/zixun/',
'child' => 0,
'childids' => 323,
'thumb' => '',
'show' => '1',
'setting' =>
array (
'edit' => 1,
'disabled' => 0,
'getchild' => 1,
'linkurl' => '',
'urlrule' => 3,
'seo' =>
array (
'list_title' => '[第{page}頁{join}]{catpname}{join}{modname}{join}{SITE_NAME}',
'list_keywords' => '',
'list_description' => '',
),
'template' =>
array (
'pagesize' => 20,
'mpagesize' => 20,
'page' => 'page.html',
'list' => 'list.html',
'category' => 'category.html',
'search' => 'search.html',
'show' => 'show.html',
),
'cat_field' => '',
'module_field' => '',
'html' => 0,
),
'displayorder' => '0',
'acount' => '1',
'namerule' => '{typedir}{Y}{M}{D}{aid}.html',
'namerule2' => '{typedir}/list_{tid}_{page}.html',
'mid' => 'article',
'pcatpost' => 1,
'topid' => '1',
'domain' => '',
'catids' =>
array (
0 => '323',
),
'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-7yuezixun.html',
'total' => 1,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
) |
urlrule |
'/views-108220-[page].html' |
fix_html_now_url |
'' |
my_web_url |
'https://test.gafei.com/views-108220' |
get |
array (
's' => 'article',
'c' => 'show',
'id' => '108220',
'm' => 'index',
) |