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'<p>
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<br />
在古代，希臘以至歐洲多國均流行“體液學說”(Humorism)。所謂“體液學說”是種醫學理論，認爲人體由“血液、粘液、黑膽汁及黃膽汁”四液構成。依照此說，要達致健康，須取得“平衡”，失“平衡”者疾病纏身，而正確的飲食則是維持“平衡”的養生要道，比用藥及手術還要重要。此說千百年來廣獲信服，但到了 16 世紀中葉，咖啡、茶和朱古力的出現，意外參與了對這套歐洲古醫學的顛覆。</p>
<p>
根據“醫學之父”古希臘醫師希波克拉底(Hippocrates)及後來古羅馬醫學家蓋倫(Galen)的理解，每個人的身體都有獨特的體液構成，故此，醫學及治病也是以個人爲本，因人而異。“體液學說”治病的第一步，不是用藥，也非手術或燒灼(cauterizing)，而是“食療”。每種食物都有自己的屬性，或熱或凍，或溼或幹，各種屬性與四種身液互相對照。透過食療，身體的體液能回覆“平衡”，重拾健康。</p>
<p>
史學家 Mark Grant 指出，蓋倫在其醫書 On the Power of Foods 裏不但按體液屬性爲食物分類，留下不少“食譜”，因此，在古歐洲“好醫師也應是個好廚師”。於是，信從“體液學說”的醫師會在人體生病時，觀察病人的身體狀況，例如當病人身體過熱，也就是我們說的“發燒”，醫師就會指示病人食冷盤蔬菜沙律;又如當病人腸胃不適、消化不良，醫師則會建議病人多食乾熱食物，像胡椒。</p>
<p>
“體液學說”及蓋倫的食療一直被廣泛應用，但當歐洲擴展世界貿易，與海外國家交流逐漸頻繁，這套傳統醫學就出現問題了。當新的食材香料飲品緊隨文化交流而傳入歐洲，醫師就陷入“應如何把這些新食物按體液學說分類”難題。如新食物與原本歐洲原有的食物相近，還可勉強分類，可是史學家 Ken Albala 在其書 Eating Right in the Renaissance 中記錄，像咖啡、茶和朱古力這三種 16 世紀中葉分別從北非、中國和南美傳入歐洲的食物飲料，則對傳統醫學造成最大沖擊。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="/uploads/allimg/170713/12-1FG310195M60.png" style="width: 319px; height: 420px;" /></p>
<p>
咖啡、茶和朱古力：衝擊歐洲古代的飲料。</p>
<p>
咖啡、茶和朱古力都是飲食界的“變色龍”，可以因烹調方式而改變形態，因此也較難分類。關於朱古力的屬性，醫師界爭議不斷，有人認爲朱古力應爲“溼熱”類，也有人說沒加糖的朱古力是苦澀的，所以應歸入“幹”類，對粘液失調類疾病有效。近似爭議也有圍繞咖啡而生，有一派醫師指飲咖啡有加熱作用，另一派則主張咖啡使身體失熱。試過同一種食物爲何可以又幹又溼?究竟在哪種形態下，它們纔有藥用價值?醫師對此總衆說紛紜。</p>
<p>
1687 年，法蘭西國王路易十四的宮廷御醫 Nicolas de Blegny 著書試圖爲咖啡、茶和朱古力的醫學價值定下“正確答案”——在這時候，“體液學說”已見崩解之勢。啓蒙運動期間，新的醫學理論百出，導致在 17 世紀起醫師開始改變對人體的看法，或視身體爲一連串的機械組織，又或以化學的視角理解身體構成，“體液學說”及蓋倫古典醫學的地位因而日漸動搖。在 17 世紀至 19 世紀，古典醫學學派嘗試過力挽狂瀾，但科學浪潮實在無人能擋，當生理學、解剖學及藥物學各方面的醫學知識大幅增進，“體液學說”終於宣告敗陣。</p>
<p>
縱使“體液學說”已死，現今科學昌明，對於咖啡、茶和朱古力的醫學價值，爭論還未休止，有說咖啡有益又有害，有說茶促進新陳代謝，有說朱古力爲苦口良食，誰是誰非?還待科學驗證。</p>
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) |
| urlrule |
'/views-106424-[page].html' |
| fix_html_now_url |
'' |
| my_web_url |
'https://112006111.gafei.com/views-106424' |
| get |
array (
's' => 'article',
'c' => 'show',
'id' => '106424',
'm' => 'index',
) |
